Module 8

5. Modern global system produced economy's unstable and unsteady progress leading to inequality. Divisions between Developed rich Nations of the North & Developing Nations of the South in income worsened the North/South Gap. The difference in incomes, medical care, clean water, education, employment, the internet, etc. between the rich and poor shaped life chances. Active resistance by rich countries such as the 1970's when a large group of developing countries joined together to demand a "new international economic order" that was more favorable to the poor countries; not much success followed with this effort. Common action between Developing Nations was difficult to achieve because of their different economic agendas. Spurred new movements of anti-globalization in the 1990s

14. The explosion of the human population that quadrupled in a single century. Human activity altered the natural order on a global or even geological proportion. Growing numbers of the poor & growing consumption of the rich led to doubling of cropland & contraction of the world's forests & grasslands. Plant & animal species disappeared or became almost extinct because of diminished/ing habitats. Modern industry was dependent on fossil fuels which increased pollution. Global Warming!! Trapping greenhouse gases and loss of tree means warming of the atmosphere.

22. Communism achieved a lot until it fell at a significant rate since the 1970s, leaving it fairly unsuccessful. Nationalism has almost always achieved its goal in one way or another. More often times than not though there's a twist to achieving the goal it was set to accomplish. Democracy was able to see mixed results as it failed for the most part in eastern countries as the cultures weren't set up for that type of govt, but in the west it flourished. This means it was only half as successful as what it was intended to be. Feminism was able to achieve a large amount of its goals though there are a handful left unsolved to this day. Women have WAY more rights in today's world than in the past, however (especially in some parts of the world) it is still not completely equal. It was extremely successful for the context of the century. Internationalism increased with globalization shown in the creation of the United Nations. This was fairly successful at what it set out to do.

Essay

Ryan Floyd

Andrews

World History

April 15, 2020

Pandemic

Since the middle ages there have been more than a dozen notable pandemics the world has endured. The first pandemic according to data compiled from the world bank was the Bubonic Plague or The Black Death. The definition of pandemic is “(of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world”  (What is a..). Based on this definition it is safe to say that the given disease may have an impact on a smaller part of the world or the globe as a whole to be considered a pandemic. However, I would not classify the spread of a disease over a smaller population a pandemic. Today we are experiencing a pandemic of our own, COVID-19. Times are tough on everyone for several different reasons. 

A pandemic can be classified as a wide spread of a new disease. The word pandemic comes from the Greek pandemos meaning “pertaining to all people.” The Greek word pan means “all” and the Greek word demos means “people” (Brazier, Yvette). I see many people using the argument today that we experience pandemics every day with hundreds or thousands of people dying a year from the flu, or other illnesses. I do not agree with this statement. Viruses that cause pandemics are viruses that human beings have no immunity to yet, they are typically animal generated influenza viruses. Many times when we are hit with a pandemic it sweeps over populations faster than medical care workers can work to provide proper treatment or prevent the spread of the disease.We are experiencing this first hand today with the COVID-19 virus However pandemics can be caused by more than one reason. They can be caused by bacteria that become resistant to antibiotics, which is something we heavily rely on today. Or they can come to be because of a new strain of virus that is easily transmissible between humans. Sometimes, like in the case of the Black Death, they are just caused by a virus's ability to spread alarmingly fast with no knowledge of treatment. 

In the 1300’s The Black Death killed 30-50% of Europeans (Black Death). The plague arrived in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. The ships that arrived were completely infected with the disease, and they were sent away. However, it was not enough to prevent the spread of the Black Death. After the ships arrived over 20 million people died over the course of five years. The Black Death wiped out nearly one third of the continent's population. They eventually got rid of the plague by practicing social distancing and becoming more sanity. Doctors would refuse to see people, shops were shut down, people stayed home. Today there are still 1-3,000 cases of this plague a year. Medicine and technology have moved forward leaps and bounds. Diseases that wiped out countries hundred of years ago are now very treatable. For example, throughout history we have had several pandemics due to Influenza which is now considered a yearly cold. The most severe took place in 1918. After it was all said and done, it killed about 500 million people, or one third of the WORLD'S population (1918 Pandemic). Again, it was a disease that humans had not been exposed to at that point, making it spread like wildfire. 

Today we are experiencing a new pandemic, COVID-19. Personally, I have only ever thought about the word pandemic when learning about past ones in History. Even then it was just another history lesson, I never really understood what that meant until now. What I think shocks me the most is reading about how people practiced social distancing, shut down schools, stores and more back then just like we are. What scares me is that those pandemics still often lasted several years. I am optimistic that with the medical technology we have today in 2020 that it will not last that long, but one can only hope. My little brother is a Type 1 Diabetic. My family and I are being extremely cautious and following the orders and advice of the government. If he were to get sick it would be very unlikely he would make it. I read on a news site a couple weeks back that a large percentage of the deaths in Italy were people who also had diabetes. 

I am from a small town in Idaho, there is no other town or city within 45 miles of us and we still have cases. That is what makes this so real to me. Going out to buy eggs or milk and seeing everyone wearing masks, gloves or whatever else is saddening. What is the most frustrating to me however is the media. At my age everyone uses social media and not a lot of people really watch the news. There are so many sides and opinions during all of this when really there should only be one, to stay home and help each and every one of us around the globe get through this as efficiently as possible with as little lives lost as possible. They say we should learn from history but when I think about it, past pandemics aren’t talked about. I had no idea this would turn out this way. As a world that has been through this several times and lost millions of lives it seems like we would have a better plan of action and more guidance from our leaders. I think it is important that everyone start taking this seriously, I have been fortunate enough to not lose anyone I know. I pray for those who have. 

Works Cited

Brazier, Yvette. “Pandemics: Past, Present, and Future.” Medical News Today, MediLexicon 

International, 22 May 2018, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/148945

History.com Editors. “Black Death.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 17 Sept. 2010, 

www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death.

What Is a Pandemic and How Many Has the World Experienced?, 

www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/what-is-a-pandemic-and-how-many-has-the-world-experienced/ar-BB113C5x.

“1918 Pandemic (H1N1 Virus).” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Mar. 2019, 

www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html.

Module 6

1. The Global South registered in broader economy on world history because of the south-south cooperation. It refers to the economic and political term which was known as the long-term goal of pursuing world changes in economics which benefited countries which were in Global South. Some of the principles guided it were non-interference in domestic affairs, national ownership and independence, respect of national sovereignty. Some countries which used this south-south cooperation termed it as the mutually beneficial that spread skills, knowledge, resources and expertise to address their development changes for example pressure of high population. "The emergence of these new nations onto the world stage as independent and assertive actors has been a distinguishing feature of world history in this most recent century."

3.  The world wars weakened Europe, while discrediting any sense of European moral superiority. Both the United States and the Soviet Union, the new global superpowers, generally opposed the older European colonial empires. The United Nations provided a prestigious platform from which to conduct anti-colonial agitation. By the early twentieth century in Asia and the mid-twentieth century in Africa, a second or third generation of Western-educated elites, largely male, had arisen throughout the colonial world. These young men were thoroughly familiar with European culture, were deeply aware of the gap between its values and its practices, no longer viewed colonial rule as a vehicle for their peoples' progress as their fathers had, and increasingly insisted on independence now. Growing numbers of ordinary people also were receptive to this message.

19. In the early part of the century, both India and China found themselves under considerable Western influence, with India being part of the British Empire and China partially occupied by several European powers. Both secured their independence in the 1940s, but China did so through revolutionary struggle, while India achieved it through more peaceful means. India in the second half of the century maintained a democratic government, while China adopted a communist government. India maintained private property, even if the state provided tariffs, licenses, loans, subsidies, and overall planning; the Chinese adopted a communist approach to industrialization before slowly shifting to a more capitalistic approach. Both grew rapidly in the final decades of the century to emerge as economic powers.

Module 5

Throughout history we have had more than one flu pandemic. Two notable flu pandemics are ones taking place in 1968, and one in 1918. Influenza viruses are constantly changing making it hard to predict what strain is coming next. In the 1918 virus (h1N1) it came about with genes of avian origin. One-third of the world’s population became infected with this virus. The number of deaths was estimated to be at least 50 million worldwide with about 675,000 occurring in the United States. Although the origin of this virus is not confirmed, it is said to have spread to the U.S. by the military. In the 1968 pandemic the strain (H3N2 virus) came from two genes in the Influenza A. It was first noted in the United States in September 1968. The estimated number of deaths was 1 million worldwide and about 100,000 in the United States. Most deaths were in people 65 years and older. The flu can be deadly to people who are older or people have health issues. COVID-19 also has this affect. 
During these pandemics we advanced medically, developing cures and vaccines to help prevent this from happening again. Medical professionals are now able to predict flu season and strains of the virus it will bring about. Therefor, they make enough vaccines to help. Like today, cities around the world closed schools and put social distancing rules in place to prevent the spread of the disease. This took place for three years. I am praying ours ends much sooner. 

Chapter 20

Chapter 20 goes into great detail about topics such as World War 1 and the effects it had on the world. The Depression, Fascism, Nazi Germany and Hitler. It talks about the Treaty of Versailles and explains how sometimes territorial compromise can be better than all out war. Then it discusses World War 2 and the Holocaust. It speaks of the concentration camps and great measures Hitler took to establish a "better Germany." This chapter shows in GREAT detail what our past wars have looked like and the consequences that we dealt with because of them. Fascism is, "an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization." They frown upon feminism, individualism, and liberalism. They felt these things weakened a nation and were not to be tolerated. They often look to violence. Fascists viewed women as simply as a mother providing babies for the state, they did not view them as equal. I do believe there are fascists people out there today, that's a fact. And there are people with fascist tendencies or beliefs. However, I do not believe the United States could become a fascist country. We have fought for YEARS non stop for the equal rights of everyone on US soil. There will always be people that oppose that fight. But looking at all the progress we have made over the last 100 years or so I'd say we are doing pretty good, and people are still not satisfied. In other parts of the world however I could see how this claim may be true. Unequal rights for women, gays, etc. I know the United States is not perfect yet, but we fight every day for those rights. 

chapter 19

1. In China there was, "was growing pressure on the land, smaller farms for China’s huge peas- ant population, and, in all too many cases, unemployment, impoverishment, misery, and starvation." The population of China between 185 and 1853 grew so rapidly that agriculture could not keep up. The centralized Bureaucratic state lost influence at the local level because of failure to enlarge itself and keep pace with the growing population and issues that arose because of it. This caused peasants to frequently rebel and oppose the Qing dynasty. 

2. British and American merchants found a very profitable market for opiums because of how addictive it was. Therefor China's opium imports exploded. However, it was illegal to import opium into China. Bribes were at work, and many officials were corrupted. This caused many problems and changes. Many people of China became addicted. It forced China to continue the import of the Opioids. "A massive outflow of silver to pay for the opium reversed China's centuries long ability to attract much of the world's silver supply, and this imbalance caused serious economic problems. China ended up losing control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan. China was also -opened to Christian missionaries and the western powers were permitted to potrol some of the interior waterways of China.

9. Centuries of peace contributed to a remarkable burst of economic growth, commercialization, and urban development. Entrepreneurial peas- ants, using fertilizers and other agricultural innovations, grew more rice than ever before and engaged in a variety of rural manufacturing enterprises as well. By 1750, Japan had become perhaps the world’s most urbanized country. There were high rates of literacy due to the education, and merchants went through a rise in their social status. Peasants began moving to the cities to begin new types of trades, about 10% of the population lived in sizable towns or cities. However, these changes also undermined the efforts to freeze the Japanese society in the interests of stability. Merchants had money and still a low status while samurai enjoyed a high status but were seen as inferior to merchants. Both had a lot of resentment. Beside social change, corruption was widespread. "There was a growing feeling that the shogunate was losing control."

Chapter 18

2. Industrialization contributed to changing the way Europeans viewed others. "They were heathen, we were Christian." Early on they had a religious sense of superiority and eventually felt superior in all aspects. They held Chinese and Indian civilization to a high degree and freely mixed with Asian and African elites. They eventually replaced their sense of religious superiority with a secular arrogance. They began viewing those of other races as "Big children" putting emphasis on their "primitive" qualities. They began to use science to describe animal like qualities in other races. The Europeans felt they were superior based off of this "science" and were influenced by Darwin's evolutionary ideas on the evolution of human beings. They began to classify and rank human beings like they did with plants or animals.

7. Although it was a very trying time, violence was not out of the norm. It benefited many people to simply cooperate with British rule. By doing so they secured jobs, status and security in European-led armed forces. When you have a family to care for and protect these are all good enough reasons to obey British law and turn the other cheek if needed. I don't blame those who did. However, there are always two sides to everything. Some obeyed British rule, sending their kids to get a European education and securing safety for their families. While others were not so easily persuaded. Some religions and groups of people had no tolerance for British rule, one example was the Indian rebellion of 1857-1858. It was triggered by the introduction of cartridge smeared with animal fat from pigs. Indians regarded pigs as unclean. This rebellion sparked the uprising and anger of others, increasing the racial divide.

13. Economic life in European empires offered a different combination of opportunities and hardships to women than it did to men. Typically in African communities women were active farmers. Aiding in the planting, weeding and harvesting of crop. While men cleared land, built houses and took care of livestock. Because of the European rule, men began to control crops and the profitable aspects of cash-crop agriculture, ultimately this greatly increased the workload of women. As men began to look for employment in the cities or mines the wives were left to care for the domestic economy themselves taking over male tasks such as caring for livestock, and breaking ground for agriculture. However, due to the absence of husbands during this time women often became the head of their household and sought to become closer to their immediate family rather than their spouses absent family.

Chapter 17/ 3 questions

1. This economic transformation came to be because of a substantial increase in human numbers from about 375 million people in 1400 to about 1 billion in the early nineteenth century. Due to this large growth in population there was an emerging energy crisis, as wood and charcoal, the major industrial fuels, became scarcer, leading to the rise of their prices. In short, “global energy demands began to push against the existing local and regional ecological limits.” The Industrial Revolution marks a human response to that dilemma as nonrenewable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the endlessly renewable energy sources of wind, water, wood, and the muscle power of people and animals. It was also a time for breakthrough in the agricultural department. Guano or seabird excrement became popular, and was used to make fertilizers, enriching the soils and allowing highly productive farming. 

 4. Britain was the most highly commercialized of Europe’s larger countries. They were much more concerned with observation, experiment, precise measurements, mechanical devices, and practical commercial applications. The Industrial Revolution destroyed old and created new ways in the social aspect of Britain. “In its initial stages it destroyed their old ways of living and left them free to discover or make for themselves new ones, if they could and knew how. But it rarely told them how to set about it.” Although there were many new opportunities presented it also created a lot of trauma and insecurity. Eventually the revolution led to a higher standard of living and more public participation. It was a bumpy road, but ultimately it was beneficial. 

7. By the end of the 19th century the industrial revolution was well under way in the United States and Russia. The United States large size, availability of natural resources, expanding market and political stability led the US to become the world’s leading industrial power by 1914. “The United States also pioneered techniques of mass production, using interchangeable parts, the assembly line, and “scientific management” to produce for a mass market.” Socialism in the US came to be viewed as “un-American” because the US valued individualism so much, this was a distinctive response to industrialization. Russia was very opposite, a monarchy exercised great control over individuals. “To many thoughtful Russians, serfdom seemed incompatible with modern civilization and held back the country’s overall development, as did its economic and industrial backwardness.” In the 1860’s Russia began a program of industrial development but it was a lot more heavily directed by the state. By 1900 Russia ranked number four in the world in steel production, focusing heavily on railroads and heavy industry. Russia was the only place where industrialization was linked with violent social revolution, the greatest distinctive feature of Russia’s development. 

Chapter 16

• Atlantic revolutions triggered by different circumstances.
• North American Revolution (1775-1787)
• Struggle for independence from oppressive British Rule
• Shifted into a much more conservative movement although that's not what it was originally about. 
• “the most radical in the con- temporary Western world.”
  
  
  
• 
  
  British colonists were “republican in their manners . . . and their government” - Sam Adams
• Haitian Revolution
• French revolution influenced
• "To the grands blancs — the rich white landowners — it suggested greater autonomy for the colony and fewer economic restrictions on trade, but they resented the demands of the petits blancs, who sought equality of citizenship for all whites. Both white groups were adamantly opposed to the insistence of free people of color that the “rights of man” meant equal treatment for all free people regardless of race. To the slaves, the promise of the French Revolution was a personal freedom that challenged the entire slave labor system. In a massive revolt beginning in 1791, triggered by rumors that the French king had already declared an end to slavery, slaves burned 1,000 plantations and killed hundreds of whites as well as mixed-race people."
  
• Spanish American Revolutions
• Spanish colonists were previously governed by an authoritarian fashion.
• Spanish colonies were offended by Spanish monarchy and their attempt to exercise greater power.
• Lasted a long time

• I was not aware of the rippling affect of the revolutions. I think it is Human nature to feed off of each others actions as well as emotions. 
• Enlightenment-people began to criticize slavery. Felt it was time to finally end it!

Intro Chapter 5

Intro:

• Long Nineteenth Century
• "Nature Increasingly vulnerable to humans"
• "The most interesting stories of modern world history are not simply those of European triumph or the imposition of Western ideas and practices but those of encounters, though highly unequal, among culturally different peoples. It was from these encounters, not just from the intentions and actions of Europeans, that the dramatic global changes of the modern era arose " I think this is an interesting point and I agree with it. 
• Europe was a powerhouse but we often forget it was not the only country in the race. There are many other countries who influenced our world and what it has become today. 
• Haitian Revolution
• Thus the Atlantic revolutions in North America, France, Haiti, and Latin America  
• Occurred because of expensive wars, however these wars were global. It cost the countries a-lot of money. This resulted in taxes.
• CULTURAL EXCHANGE
• human political and social arrangements could be engineered, and improved, by human action. // Main Idea 
• Enlightenment ideas begin to create controversy.
• "Were liberty and equality compatible? What kind of government—unitary and centralized or federal and decentralized—best ensured freedom? And how far should liberty be extended?"
• The Ideas during the Atlantic Revolutions inspired many to abolish slavery and fight for a right to vote equally. A battle America still fights to this day truthfully. 

SND Handout

I thought this was an informative and interesting read. I walk around campus and I am surrounded by the Hallmarks and traditions the sisters have put in place but I never really took the time to know about these women.

Billart was born in the third Estate and grew up witnessing first hand the hardships of people. She was very bothered with the fact that people born with higher social statuses were often given more opportunities. More opportunities to work, to learn, etc.

Bourdan was born into a wealthier family. However, she was never wrapped up in those luxuries. She was also able to witness first hand the struggles of the lower class people, she just saw it from a different perspective.

These two women coming together from different backgrounds and being able to share the same values is very inspirational, more people NEED to be like this today. Now that I understand and know the background of the sisters and their values I see them being applied at this school more often. I think it has become one of my favorite things about NDNU.

Chapter 15

Chapter 15

• novel cultural transformations that likewise connected distant peoples
• While this ancient faith was spreading, a new understanding of the uni- verse and a new approach to knowledge were taking shape among European thinkers of the Scientific Revolution, giving rise to another kind of cultural encounter — that between science and religion.
• Christianity was limited to Europe at the beginning of the early modern era.
• 1500- began to stretch from Spain and England in the west to Russia in the east. Even Egypt, Ethiopia, Southern India, and Central Asia. 
• 16th century- Roman Catholic Christianity reformation was shattered. 
• 
  

Class notes

Class Notes 

• Russia was primarily focused on expanding to Siberia because of the large amount of land to be used. Wealthier class people from Russia worked with the Natives to acquire the fur coats for warmth. 
• Portugal men came from bearing sugar, making Native men work. African slaves were later imported. Primarily males
• You had a life expectancy of 7 years working on plantations. 
• Spain used Naive men to mine silver. 
• very little mixing of racial groups in North America
• 1348= Black Death/Plague
• 1400=Renaissance/ re-birth of the classical greek humanism. a refocus on the worldly experience of being human. Before the renaissance there was more of a spiritual experience (more godly). Afterwards, there was a shift of focus more towards art and commerce. 
• Europeans were looking for new markets but instead they found a new continent. 
• 1492=Columbus sails the ocean blue

What were the three models of economic development Europe used?

Developing Markets
3 models

1. Portugal: trading post empire 
1. protection
2. piracy
2. Spain in the Philippines: take land outright (why Philippines?)
1. proximity
2. goods- spices
3. silver
3. The Company Model
1. Great Britain
2. private companies sent to gain interest in different areas.
3. If the company fails no skin of the nose of the government, if it succeeds great. 

Chapter 14

Economic Transformation

• The first part of chapter 14 already has me emotional. Speaking of slavery and poor treatment. 
• Slavery was not the only way humans interacted in the early modern era, due to new trading different countries and parts of the world such as Europeans and Asians made connections/relationships due to the trading of spices.
• Silver created connections between China, Western Europe, and Spanish America.
• It is interesting to see negative and positive relationships develop between countries such as Spain and the Philippines once the Spanish realized that they were behind in the "race" for gaining riches in the East.

Part 2:

• Our lives compared from those of the past are very different yer very similar. We are human beings and will always behave as so, but we continue to advance our world every single day.
• the global circulation of goods; an international currency; production for a world mar- ket; the growing economic role of the West on the global stage; private enterprise, such as the British and Dutch East India companies, operating on a world scale; national governments eager to support their merchants in a highly competitive environment all connect the 21st century to the early modern era making them similar. differences included scale and speed.
  
• slavery lost its legitimacy during the 19th century. 
• early modern globalization was powered by humans and animals rather than machines and technology. 

Chapter 13

Political Transformations
*Why was it so easy for Europeans to conquer the Americas?

• "imperialist" becomes insult, no longer a term that goes hand in hand with pride. 
• Three centuries of early modern era
• By mid 18th century Europeans branched their empires throughout most of the Americas.
• Once the Americas were discovered, people of all sorts were determined to get their for many different reasons. (wealth, freedom, curiosity, land, etc)
• Europeans were advanced their technology through ship designing, sailing, and navigating the sea. They had an advantage moving across the Atlantic with ease. They were able to transport people and goods efficiently across great distances.
• When the Europeans arrived in the Americas the germs and diseases they carried devastated Native Americans and their societies soon leading to the European population outgrowing the natives.  90% of the populations was wiped out. (diseases were often started from animals spreading to humans)
• The Little Ice Age occurred during the modern era, where temperatures reached low stages. This affected overall life on earth.
• The great dying and the Little Ice Age created a labor shortage leading to the Columbian Exchange. The network of communication, migration, trade, disease, and transferring of plants and animals was all generated by the Europeans. This connected four continents.
• The Spanish conquest of the Aztec/Inca empires allowed Spain access to wealthy, urbanized regions in the Western Hemisphere. 

~Reading of the Great Dying was hard for me. Although the spread of the diseases wasn't an intentional or malicious act by the Europeans it was awful and I felt bad for the Natives.
~I believe that it was easy for the Europeans to conquer the Americas because there was nobody else to really challenge them for it. China was worried about themselves, as well as Russia trying to expand into Siberia.
~Cultural Exchange!! 

~Old ways of doing things were brought to America by old societies/cultures where people from very different parts of the world joined to make new ways of doing things. The modern age grew from several different sources. There is a lot more to it than what we were taught in our high school history class. While some empires stuck to their old ways of business I think Europeans really led the way and sparked the flame to begin a new way of life, the early modern era.

EDIT: Notes after this point were taken in class

• Russia was primarily focused on expanding to Siberia because of the large amount of land to be used. Wealthier class people from Russia worked with the Natives to acquire the fur coats for warmth. 
• Portugal men came from bearing sugar, making Native men work. African slaves were later imported. Primarily males
• You had a life expectancy of 7 years working on plantations. 
• Spain used Naive men to mine silver. 
• very little mixing of racial groups in North America
• 1348= Black Death/Plague
• 1400=Renaissance/ re-birth of the classical greek humanism. a refocus on the worldly experience of being human. Before the renaissance there was more of a spiritual experience (more godly). Afterwards, there was a shift of focus more towards art and commerce. 
• Europeans were looking for new markets but instead they found a new continent. 
• 1492=Columbus sails the ocean blue

What were the three models of economic development Europe used?

Developing Markets
3 models

1. Portugal: trading post empire 
1. protection
2. piracy
2. Spain in the Philippines: take land outright (why Philippines?)
1. proximity
2. goods- spices
3. silver
3. The Company Model
1. Great Britain
2. private companies sent to gain interest in different areas.
3. If the company fails no skin of the nose of the government, if it succeeds great. 

Intro to chapter 4

Early Modern Era

• Columbian exchange: created new networks across the Atlantic and pacific oceans. Religion spread, new ideas and technology spread. Cultural Exchange.
• Scientific revolution took place in Europe and was considered one of the most early signs of "modernity"
• The modern population grew and developed as a result of the recovery from the Black death. Foods from the americas provided nutrition to support a large number of people. 
• Population doubled in the world between 1400 and 1800.
• Cities began to urbanize and commercialized economies centered in large cities. 
• Many economies/cities found themselves producing not for their local economies but for those far out. (cultural exchange)
• "gunpowder revolution"
• Europeans had control of the Americas as well as the sea routes, they did not have total control. Their military and political power was limited in Asia and Africa. China and Japan controlled the European missionaries and merchants. Islam spread rapidly rather than Christianity (Europeans religion)
• Europe was not the powerhouse of the world nor did it have much potential to become one. 
• Gender equality wasn't in the picture. 
• Societies still operated in old traditional ways. 
• Male landowners still remained at the top of the social hierarchy. 
• 1450-1750 can be looked at as a late agrarian era and an early modern age.
• Some people were hesitant to adopt the new ways and urged societies to build off of old traditions and ways of living
• Europeans did not always lead the way to the modern ideas. 

First Post

All done :)