Chapter 18

2. Industrialization contributed to changing the way Europeans viewed others. "They were heathen, we were Christian." Early on they had a religious sense of superiority and eventually felt superior in all aspects. They held Chinese and Indian civilization to a high degree and freely mixed with Asian and African elites. They eventually replaced their sense of religious superiority with a secular arrogance. They began viewing those of other races as "Big children" putting emphasis on their "primitive" qualities. They began to use science to describe animal like qualities in other races. The Europeans felt they were superior based off of this "science" and were influenced by Darwin's evolutionary ideas on the evolution of human beings. They began to classify and rank human beings like they did with plants or animals.

7. Although it was a very trying time, violence was not out of the norm. It benefited many people to simply cooperate with British rule. By doing so they secured jobs, status and security in European-led armed forces. When you have a family to care for and protect these are all good enough reasons to obey British law and turn the other cheek if needed. I don't blame those who did. However, there are always two sides to everything. Some obeyed British rule, sending their kids to get a European education and securing safety for their families. While others were not so easily persuaded. Some religions and groups of people had no tolerance for British rule, one example was the Indian rebellion of 1857-1858. It was triggered by the introduction of cartridge smeared with animal fat from pigs. Indians regarded pigs as unclean. This rebellion sparked the uprising and anger of others, increasing the racial divide.

13. Economic life in European empires offered a different combination of opportunities and hardships to women than it did to men. Typically in African communities women were active farmers. Aiding in the planting, weeding and harvesting of crop. While men cleared land, built houses and took care of livestock. Because of the European rule, men began to control crops and the profitable aspects of cash-crop agriculture, ultimately this greatly increased the workload of women. As men began to look for employment in the cities or mines the wives were left to care for the domestic economy themselves taking over male tasks such as caring for livestock, and breaking ground for agriculture. However, due to the absence of husbands during this time women often became the head of their household and sought to become closer to their immediate family rather than their spouses absent family.